GUTs, TOEs and UFOs

GUTs are Grand Unification Theories, TOEs are Theories of Everything and we all know what UFOs is. Finding a GUT or a TOE is the Holy Grail of today’s physics and it is generally referred to as “Unification.” Unification is all about unifying the electromagnetic forces of Quantum Theory with the gravitational force of Relativity Theory thus bringing the four known basic physical forces under a single theory. String Theory is the most commonly known of the unification theories. I want to look closer at String Theory in order to show just how unreal it really is. But first, it is necessary to cover a few basic need to know things about unification in general.

First there is nothing in any of the sciences, Quantum Theory or Relativity Theory that requires the unification of Quantum and Relativity theories and their associated forces into a single theory. The “need” to unify these things into a single theory is completely man made. This really does beg the question, if nature doesn’t require unification why does today’s science feel the necessity to do this? An even bigger question, if there is nothing in nature that says unification is necessary what make science think that unification is even possible and that there is only “one” theory for everything?

Another consideration, there are significant differences between Quantum and Relativity that common sense indicates cannot be overcome for a single theory for both. Relativity has to do with the very big things and long separation distances. Such as stars, galaxies and the universe. Quantum deals with the very smallest things and very, very short distances. Like quarks, atoms and molecules. Additionally, Relativity is deterministic while Quantum is probabilistic. In Relativity information leads to a real and specific determination while in Quantum things are imaginary and based on a probability. In other words, at the most basic level for Quantum and Relativity they simply do not match up, and there is in all likelihood no way to get them to come together.

Also, in order to find a single theory that unites Quantum and Relativity shouldn’t science completely understand both Quantum and Relativity? It seems that simple logic would dictate that science should pretty much need to know all there is to know about Quantum and Relativity before it might be possible to combine these things. You have to know all that you can about things that you combine together before you can really understand what they mean when they are combined. This is actually backwards from the position that science currently has. It is believed that by unifying Quantum and Relativity and coming up with a single all-inclusive theory for both this single theory can be used to answer questions about both that will allow science to understand things that are currently not understood. All of this begs a straightforward question, if Quantum and Relativity are not completely understood in the first place how can science know that the answers from a unified theory are right?

So now, let’s take a quick look at String Theory and see just how far science is away from being able to provide any simple answers about unification and any of the GUTs and TOEs that are supposed to go with it.

String Theory is the most common of all of the various unification theories. There has been a lot written about it and the amount of publicity it has received is such that pretty much everybody has heard of it. The most famous characteristic of String Theory is that this theory is based upon multiple dimensions. These are not dimensions like the three dimensions we are familiar with because of the world we live in. No, these dimensions are supposed to occur in the space below the smallest distance we know of. Let me give you a few more details about this; one form of String Theory has 10 dimensions, 9 space dimensions and one of time, another one has 11 dimensions, 9 of space, one of time and one of energy, and another one has 26 dimensions. And, in all of these different String Theories these extra dimensions are “compactified” down into a space that has a distance so small we can never ever see it or work within it. This really does beg the questions can science really understand a distance this small? If we cannot ever see this distance or work within it, how can we know what is really happening in String Theory? The name of this distance is the “Planck Length.”

Are we really supposed to accept something such as this that can never be proven, or disproven? Oh, and it gets better; String Theory actually has an infinite number of possible dimensions. That is, pick a number, any number and that number of dimensions can exist in String Theory. The current number of String Theory dimensions has been “discovered” because they do not blow up mathematically. In other words, out of an infinite number of possible dimensions, science will only look at a couple because they work. Let’s go one step further, given that there are an infinite number of possible dimensions how does science know that in theory 500, 5000 or even more dimensions are not possible? If 10, 11 or 26 dimensions are acceptable who is to decide that this is where we stop? And, an infinite number of possible dimensions also means that there are also an infinite number of impossible dimensions.

A last bit to think about. In order to overcome the scale difference between Relativity (really large and great distances) and Quantum (really small and very short distances) scientist have come up with the “graviton.” The graviton is a particle, so in fits in Quantum, that mediates gravity, so it fits in Relativity. This is an interesting solution to the problem. However, according to Relativity nothing, including particles, travels faster than the speed of light. If this is the case how can a black hole that has gravity as strong as the speed of light have gravity away from the black hole? Wouldn’t the gravitons be stuck inside the event horizon of a black hole because their speed is not high enough to allow for escape?

Let’s take a moment to consider all of the problems discussed above with respect to the science of unification and String Theory. And let’s also consider all of the evidence that exists throughout history and even today regarding UFOs and ETs. Science tells me that String Theory and unification are real, but UFOs are not. This just seems a little backwards to me.

I leave it up to the reader to judge and decide.

FASTER THAN A SPEEDING PHOTON (LIGHT)

I talk and I write about UFOs. Those who actually believe in UFOs still wonder about Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity and the effect it can have on travelling faster than the speed of light. The UFO skeptics always come back with Einstein’s light speed limit to say that even if ETs exists, the universe is too big and they could never get here. Well, here is the thing; Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity does not specifically say anything about limiting speed of an object to the speed of light. Rather what Einstein’s Special Theory of relativity talks about is time, distance and mass dilation. The part that is of concern here is the mass dilation. Specifically, according to the Special Theory of Relativity as an object that has mass reaches speed approaching the speed of light the mass starts to significantly increase. Many have said that a massive object going to the speed of light ends up with infinite mass at the speed of light. It is this “infinite” mass which in turn relates to an “infinite energy” issue many use to say that light speed and faster than light speed is not possible.

Is this really true, no I don’t think so, read on.

First off, before addressing the mass issue let’s go to the exceptions to the speed of light “rule,” starting with Cherenkov radiation. The speed of light is fastest when it is in a vacuum. As light moves through a medium like glass, water and other things the speed of light slows down. In a dielectric medium an electron can, and does, travel faster than the speed of light in that medium. This results in a blue glow that is seen in the water around nuclear reactors. In this case the electron, which has mass, is moving faster than the speed of light and it does not have infinite mass. This example shows that the speed of light can and in fact varies, and there are a number of theories that go deeper into this concept.

Another is Gamma Ray Bursts coming from other parts of our universe. Without going into a lot of detail here, Gamma rays from the universe have been seen traveling faster than the speed of light. There are various theories for this, but the fact of the matter is that faster than light travel is occurring once again with a particle that has mass. If you want to know more about this you can Google “Faster than Light Gamma Ray.” And lastly, there is the issue of “Quantum Entanglement.” This is where two particles are entangled to act like one at the quantum level. Send them off in different directions and no matter where these particles are in the universe when you measure one of them you automatically know stuff about the other one. Again, if you want to know more you can Google “Quantum Entanglement.” I do have say that this whole quantum entanglement issue is very interesting and I will be talking more about it in the future.

There is also a very unique argument, actuality a loophole in Relativity that I recently heard. This loophole is that there is no restriction on a particle that starts out traveling faster than the speed of light. The restriction on travelling faster than light applies to the process of accelerating a massive particle to the speed of light. There is a theoretical particle known as the Tachyon that always travels faster than the speed of light. One of the things that are supposed to make String Theory work is known as Super-Symmetry. There was one version of Super-Symmetry that actually required there be particles (tachyons) that travel faster than the speed of light. This did not make physicists happy, so they kind of ignore this version and go with one that is more to their liking.

The point to be taken from theoretical tachyons is that there is a reality that exists beyond the speed of light. So, there are cracks in the “proposed” faster than light travel restriction. My argument is that the basic speed of light limit is not a restriction, rather it is a transition from the below speed of light reality to the faster than the speed of light reality.  

As stated at the beginning of this piece, the Special Relativity Theory does not say that speeds faster than the speed of light are forbidden. Instead, there is a dilation effect as speeds increases. Specifically, this effect is such that time slows down, distances decrease and mass increases. In other words, as speeds increase there is a conversion factor that calculates the dilation effect changes on an object. This conversion factor is generally known as the Lorentz Transformation. It is my position to stay away from math when writing about things. However, this is one time that I cannot as it is important to see this conversion factor in order to move forward and physically show the transition phase. The following is the conversion factor:

 

 The funny looking symbol to the left of the equal sign is the Greek letter gamma. In English this reads, “gamma is equal to one divided by the square root of one minus velocity squared divided by speed of light squared,” (‘c’ is used to represent the speed of light). Now here is the part that we have to look at closely, the “v-squared divided by c-squared.” In word processing applications like what I am using, this is written as; v^2/c^2

IF, ‘v’ the velocity of the object is exactly the speed of light, ‘c’, then

“v-squared divided by c-squared” is equal to 1, which leads to;

1 – 1= 0

The square root of 0 is 0, so now we have 1 divided by zero (1/0) in the conversion factor, and this is where the problem/discussion lies.

Many believe 1 divided by zero is undefined so we have a situation where the math blows up and things are said to go to infinity. However, I have been taught that this is not the case because zero is a place holder. This means that division by zero is something that we do not understand yet. There is also another way to look at this, will ‘v’ ever exactly equal ‘c’? As long as the two are never “exactly” equal there are no problems.

Currently when doing experiments colliding protons and atoms, the colliders can accelerate a proton up to 99.9999991 percent of the speed of light, which is awfully close to the speed of light. Let’s think about this for a moment, what if something happens and there is suddenly a power surge that instantly accelerates the proton up to 100.000001 percent of the speed of light (there are other ways this could happen but going into them would make this piece too long). In other words, a speed that is just barely faster than the speed of light. What happens? Look at the math in the conversion factor. In this case that v^2/c^2 (v-squared divided by c-squared) becomes greater than 1 (one) so the number under the square root sign is not zero, rather it is a negative number.

A negative number under the square root sign is not a problem as it is mathematically acceptable. In essence the negative number under the square root sign represents a transition into another branch of math that is used for many things. In other words, there is nothing mathematically or physically incorrect with the above evaluation, which means it represents a valid interpretation of the currently available information.

One last point to cover, we have an electron traveling very close to the speed of light. Would not the expectation be that its mass would be significantly increased because it has to be approaching an infinite mass? Since the Lorentz transformation is available I did the math. At 99.9999991% of the speed of light, the mass of the electron increased by a factor of 7454. This is a long way from infinite. And, there are many other consideration for accelerating up to and then above the speed of light that I have not discussed.

The point for consideration here, we are still learning about the today’s physics so we should not be so quick to write off anything.

RIP Professor Freeman Dyson

I need to take a moment to recognize an outstanding mathematician and physicist who passed away on February 28, 2020, Professor Freeman Dyson. Professor Dyson really was a brilliant man who motivated me in many ways. He won numerous awards and recognition and has theorems and mathematical processes named after him. Despite his many achievements and recognition he was never considered for a Nobel Prize, an oversight many of his colleagues questioned. There was a theory for this Nobel oversight of Professor Freeman’s accomplishments and contributions to math and science, he was not a Ph.D., he had a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Mathematics. To me this was actually his greatest contribution all of us, he was proof that intelligence and understanding is not based on the kind or amount of initials a person has after their name.

God Speed Professor Dyson. I greatly appreciate all that you have done for math and the sciences and the help you provided me. I hope that this new stage of your life brings you new opportunities and the chance to see one of your greatest predictions, a Dyson Sphere.

ARE UFOs TRYING TO HIDE FROM US

On my previous post, NOW YOU SEE ME NOW YOU DON’T, I discussed and incident involving the Chilean military in 2014. Quick recap, a Chilean military helicopter was out testing a new infrared device and filmed a UFO in the infrared wave length of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. And, this UFO was not physically seen by the helicopter crew, picked up by the visual camera or seen on the helicopter or ground control RADAR. In other words, if this helicopter crew had not been testing new infrared equipment, this UFO would have never been seen by anybody here on the planet earth.

The ‘dumb luck’ observation of this UFO raises a couple of different questions. The first one, which is not the most important one, is how many UFOs are visiting our planet and we have no idea they are here? Since these “masked” UFOs cannot be seen and/or are not seen, there is no way that this question can ever be answered. As for not being seen on RADAR, this is not that unusual as there have been many visual UFO sightings without being picked up on RADAR. Reversing this, how many objects have been picked up on RADAR but not visual seen? This too is a number that we cannot specifically know.

So, considering all of the ways that we just discussed for UFOs not to be seen, it is easy to conclude that the visual sightings that do occur and are documented represent a fraction of the total number of UFOs visiting Earth.

The second question and the more important one, are these UFOs and their occupants specifically trying to avoid detection? Said another way, are these UFOs coming to our planet and then specifically trying do to all they can to avoid detection? This poses a related secondary question, why would any UFO/ET do this? It is easy enough to think of both good and bad reasons as to why UFOs/ETs would want to “hide” their presence.

The above question is actually related to a question regarding UFOs that has been around for a long time; why are UFOs/ETs here in the first place? I have been fortunate enough to have had the opportunity to read multiple papers on this topic. The general consensus is that UFOs/ETs have been coming to Earth for a long time and that their intentions are peaceful. Of course this is something we can never know for sure as ETs are the only ones that really know why they are here. But, there really is no indication that they have any harmful intentions. Me personally, I believe that they are here just watching to see how we progress.  I also believe that when the time is right, they will show themselves. When is the right time? Only ET knows.

Our universe is filled with wonders and for humans it has many unanswered questions. I firmly believe that in due time all questions will get answers. And, this includes all questions associated with UFOs and ETs.

NOW YOU SEE ME, NOW YOU DON’T

In 2014 a Chilean Military helicopter was out testing a new infrared device and they picked up a UFO. This case was unusual because according to the information supplied the helicopter crew could not visually see the UFO, it did not show up on an HD visual camera, and it was not on the helicopter or ground control RADAR. Specifically, if not for the fact that this military helicopter crew was trying out a new infrared device this UFO would have never been seen. This got me to thinking, how many UFOs may actually be visiting us every day that we cannot see?

The first thing necessary to answer the above questions is to figure out how hard is it to hide from our sight and our radar? Physically, it is not that difficult. Technologically, for us here on earth this is where the problem lies.

Around the year 1672 Sir Isaac Newton was doing experiments with light and prisms. He discovered that white light, the light we use to see, is actually made up of 6 individual colors. These colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Newton went on to theorize that objects we see do not actually have color; instead every object absorbs some of the colors and reflects the others. It is the reflected color that we see thus giving any object the color of the light reflected. In other words, if white light and all of its associated colors are absorbed creating a situation of no reflected light by an object we will never see the object.

For clarity, this needs to be explored a bit more. Visible light and RADAR are considered to be part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum, EM for short, which is the figure below.

RADAR waves are included in the microwave portion of the spectrum. We also have to note that the above figure shows us that energy of the EM spectrum increases as you move to the left of the spectrum, the shorter wave lengths. The above figure shows us that the Visible Light that we are able to see is a very small part of the EM spectrum. Our own daily experience and the physics discovered by Newton clearly shows us that absorption of visible light is not that difficult. Physically, the Chilean UFO simply has to absorb the visible light portion of the EM spectrum and we will never see it. Another way to look at this, the UFO can simply not reflect the visible light. This has to be stated because absorption and non-reflection is not necessarily the same thing.

The absorption/non-reflection of visible light discussed above also applies to microwaves. Microwave absorption is very familiar in that microwave ovens are used in almost every kitchen around to assist with cooking. Here is the other thing about microwaves; their absorption is generally associated with heat. Our food absorbs the microwaves, it gets hot and cooks. And, as our food cooks it gives off heat. Therefore, it is a reasonable presumption that anything else that is absorbing microwaves, RADAR waves in this case, is also going to tend to heat up to some extent. I need to note here that on average RADAR waves are generally at the low end of the microwave portion of the EM spectrum which in turns means they are the lower energy microwaves.  

One other thing that the energy from our sun does, it heats up our atmosphere. And, on bright sunny days we can also get hot. In simplest terms, this heating is associated with absorption of the light-wave energy. We can see from the figure that the EM spectrum is directly related to energy. So, if the Chilean UFO is absorbing visible light waves and radar waves there is a reasonable expectation that the UFO is going to heat up. Well, guess what part of the EM spectrum a heated object gives off….. Infrared.

Putting this all together, absorption of EM spectrum waves, specifically visible light and RADAR, is straight forward physics and to some extent it is something that occurs in our everyday lives. So, a UFO that absorbs or does not reflect these two types of waves is not radical physics. And by absorbing and not reflecting this particular wave energy, the UFO becomes invisible to us. However, there is a cost to this absorption of energy, heat that has to be radiated resulting in an infrared signature. But, we do not see or look in the infrared part of the EM spectrum so unless we were close enough to feel the heat being radiated; a UFO could be flying around us and our world without ever being noticed. In this case the Chilean helicopter just happened to be in the right place at the right time using the right equipment to see the UFO.

In other words, the UFOs that we actually see could easily be just a small portion of the UFOs that are actually visiting our planet. There is no way of knowing how many craft are flying around our world every day because their technology is better than ours and it allows them to absorb and/or non-reflect the EM spectrum waves that we use to see them.